Historical Development of Continental Philosophy’s Existentialism Essay

irresponsible high-mindedness left unmistakable marks on galore(postnominal) facets of occidental culture. True, science was unbiassed to it, and common moxie was perhaps thunderstruck by it, still the greatest governmental vogue of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries Marxismwas to a signifi tin give noticet floor an placegrowth of Absolute Idealism. (Bertrand Russell remarked someplace that Marx was null more than Hegel coalesce with British economic theory. ) Nineteenth- and twentieth- carbon literature, theology, and heretofore ruse felt an influence.The amatory composers of the nineteenth century, for example, with their tenderness for expanded form, considerable orchestras, complex get ahead and soaring melodies, searched for the blanket(prenominal) musical statement. In doing so, they mirrored the efforts of the metaphysicians whose great and imposing systems were sources of devotion to m any(prenominal) artists and composers. As we ask said, a lot of what happened in doctrine after Hegel was in retort to Hegel.This response took contrastive forms in English-speaking countries and on the European unblemishedso divers(prenominal) that aim of thought in the twentieth century was split into 2 traditions or, as we business leader say nowadays, twain conversations. So-c aloneed analytical philosophy and its offshoots became the plethoric tradition of philosophy in England and finally in the get together States. The response to Hegelian idealism on the European simple was quite different however and is cognise (at least in English-speaking countries) as Continental philosophy. hold still for while, the get together States genuine its own grease of philosophycalled pragmatism only if in the end analytic philosophy became firmly fix in the United States as well. at bottom Continental philosophy may be found heterogeneous identifiable schools of philosophical thought existentialism, phenomenology, hermeneutics , deconstruction, and circumstantial theory. Two authoritative schools were existentialism and phenomenology, and we allow begin this chapter with them. both(prenominal) existentialism and phenomenology have their roots in the nineteenth century, and many of their themes can be traced back to Socrates and even to the pre- Socratics. Each school of thought has influenced the different to such an expiration that two of the close to famous and authoritative Continental philosophers of this century, Martin Heidegger (18891976) and Jean-Paul Sartre (1905 1980), argon cardinal figures in both bowel movements, although Heidegger is in the first place a phenomenologist and Sartre generally an existentialist.Some of the chief(prenominal) themes of existentialism be traditional and schoolman philosophy is stereotyped and remote from the concerns of authorized life. Philosophy mustiness focus on the individual in her or his enemy with the man. The creation is unreasoning (or, in any event, beyond core comprehending or consummate conceptualizing through philosophy). The reality is absurd, in the thought that no final explanation can be effrontery for why it is the expressive style it is. Senselessness, emptiness, triviality, separation, and inability to take pervade military personnel existence.Giving put up to anxiety, dread, self-doubt, and despair as well as the individual confronts as the most important fact of compassionate being existence, the necessity to learn how he or she is to live at bottom this absurd and nonsensical sphere. Now, many of these themes had already been introduced by those care thinkers of the nineteenth century, Arthur Schopenhauer (see introductory chapter), Soren Kierkegaard, and Friedrich Nietzsche. All common chord had a untroubled distaste for the bullish idealism of Hegeland for metaphysical systems in general. such(prenominal) philosophy, they thought, ignored the human predicament.For all trini ty the universe, including its human inhabitants, is seldom rational, and philosophical systems that want to make everything take care rational are just null attempts to overcome pessimism and despair. This impressive-sounding tidings denotes the philosophy that grew out of the work of Edmund Husserl (18591938). In brief, phenomenology interests itself in the indwelling structures found within the drift of apprised experiencethe stream of phenomenaas these structures demo themselves independently of the assumptions and presuppositions of science.Phenomenology, much more than existentialism, has been a product of philosophers sort of than of artists and writers. But similar existentialism, phenomenology has had enormous allude outside philosophical circles. It has been especially potent in theology, the loving and political sciences, and psychological science and psychoanalysis. Phenomenology is a movement of thinkers who have a variety of interests and points of vox p opuli phenomenology itself finds its antecedents in Kant and Hegel (though the movement regarded itself as anything but Hegelian).Kant, in the review article of Pure Reason, argued that all objective noesis is based on phenomena, the data very in sensory experience. In Hegels Phenomenology of Mind, beings are hard-boiled as phenomena or objects for a consciousness. The world beyond experience, the real world fictive by intrinsic science, is a world concerning which much is isolated and doubtful. But the world-in-experience, the world of pure phenomena, can be explored without the corresponding limitations or uncertainties.