Critical Evaluation of HRM and Organisation Behaviour Theories Coursework - 2

Basic Evaluation of HRM and Organization Behavior Theories Frameworks - Coursework Example The paper clarifies that human asset the board is an expansive range of expert order that has to do with whatever manages the treatment of individuals (human asset). Most definitely, human asset the board caters for â€Å"compensation, recruiting, execution the board, association advancement, security, health, benefits, representative inspiration, correspondence, organization, and training†. Human asset the executives has been given a hypothetical system by the Business Ball whereby it is identified with the mental agreement. It is said that â€Å"The Psychological Contract' is an inexorably pertinent part of working environment connections and more extensive human behavior.† This implies human asset the executives is viewed as an important wonder not as a result of the way that it is expected to prompt the development and advancement of an association however then since it is should have been set up to secure the essential relationship that necessities to exist between the human workforces in the organization.â This makes human asset the board a part of hierarchical administration that is expected to have a progressively perpetual premise. It is in such manner that human asset the executives has consistently been talked about alongside the lines of authoritative conduct †in light of the fact that the hierarchical conduct has a progressively perpetual stake in all associations. Authoritative Behavior has been clarified as â€Å"the study and utilization of information about how individuals, people, and gatherings act in organizations† (Clark, 1998). This implies hierarchical conduct can prompt a superior appreciation of the kind of human asset the executives that ought to be set up at a working environment or a given association and this is the motivation behind why the two ideas are constantly rewarded connected at the hip. Presumptions supporting the manner by which HRM and authoritative conduct hypotheses and structures have been engendered Rank (2011) takes note of that human asset the executives and hierarchical conduct has existed with mankind since days of yore. The main distinction is that these two wonders of the board have experienced a great deal of changes and advances. Fortunately treatment of both human asset the executives and authoritative conduct has been improving with time. There is to be sure exists a chain of suppositions supporting why and how hypotheses and system of human asset the executives and hierarchical conduct all happened. Rank (2011) characteristics the origination of the two hypotheses and structure to the liberation of human rights with the end goal that the need to advance the prosperity and government assistance surprisingly - whether or not they are representatives or managers was esteemed necessary.â

Proposal #1 Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

#1 - Research Proposal Example Characteristic oils-linseed, tung, and fish were utilized as covers until the 1960’s (Schuerman George and Bruzan Raymond 327). Presently, alkyd pitches, vinyl and acrylic emulsions, epoxy tars and polyurethanes are the essential folios utilized in paints. Dissolvable picked must be one in which the cover is solvent in and dries equally. Most emulsion paints use water as the dissolvable while pitch based paints utilize the utilization of mineral turpentine as the dissolvable. Shades are finely isolated, and insoluble powders scattered in the paint that give paint its obscurity and shading, yet in addition help to hold the paint together just as shield the surface underneath from erosion and enduring. Inorganic and natural substances are utilized as shades with the inorganic ones being less expensive yet with less clear hues. The modest strong particles of colors (≠¤ 1â µm in measurement) empowers them to refract (light has frequencies among 0.4â µm and

Defining a Random Sample in Research

Defining a Random Sample in Research Student Resources Study Guides and Tips Print Random Samples in Research Studies How Subsets of Subjects Are Used for Research By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on January 09, 2020 Matt Lincoln / Cultura / Getty Images More in Student Resources Study Guides and Tips APA Style and Writing Careers The term random sample comes up a lot when youre reading about medical research. Understanding this term can help you interpret those health studies you come across in the news and get a better grasp of how they may, or may not, apply to you. Simply put, a random sample is a subset of individuals randomly selected by researchers to represent an entire group as a whole. The goal is to get a sample of people that is representative of the larger population. For example, if researchers were interested in learning about  alcoholic use  among college students in the United States, the larger population (in other words, the group of interest), would be made up of every kid in every college and university in the country. It would be virtually impossible to interview each and every one of these people to find out if they drink, what types of alcohol they drink, how often, under what circumstances, how much (a beer or two per week versus enough to get intoxicated every weekend), and so forth. Instead of undertaking such a gargantuan task, scientists will pull together a random sample of college students to represent the total population of college students. How Researchers Create Random Samples Random sampling can be costly and time-consuming. However, this approach to gathering data for research does provide the best chance of putting together an unbiased sample that is truly representative of an entire group as a whole. Going back to the imaginary study of alcohol use among college students, heres how random sampling might work. According to the National Center for Education Statistics ( NCES), approximately 20.2 million students were enrolled in U.S. colleges and universities in 2015, the most recent statistics available. These 20 million-plus individuals represent the total population to be studied. For the purpose of drawing a random sample of this group, all students must have an equal chance of being selected. For example, scientists conducting the study would need to make sure that the sample included the same percentage of men and women as the larger population. According to the NCES  statistics, 11.5 million of the total population of college students are female and 8.7 million are male. The sample group would need to reflect this same ratio of women to men. Besides gender, researchers would also want to go through the same process for other characteristicsâ€"for example, race, cultural background, year in school, socio-economic status, and so forth, depending on the specific purpose of the study. For instance, if they wanted to home in on alcohol use among Asian students, they would create a random sample consisting only of Asian students. By the same token, if the study was focused on how much students drink during the week, they would create a questionnaire or other method for finding only kids who drink on weekdays for their research. When you read a health study based on a random sample, be aware that the findings are based not on every single person in the population that fit certain criteria, but on a subset of subjects chosen to represent them. This should help you put the study in perspective.

Use Of Dsm 5 And Class Material Criteria On Diagnostic...

Use of DSM-5 and Class Material Criteria on Diagnostic Categories Exhibited in the Case Study Based on both the DSM-5 and the class material criteria, Kimmy s diagnosis of Asperger syndrome meant that it involved an exact number of items that were placed under the qualitative impairment headings, specifically in a social interaction, stereotyped, restrictive, and repetitive patterns of interests, behavior, and activities. The disturbance may have been caused by clinically essential impairments in occupational or social areas of the functioning. Sperry (2001) noted that there is no significant clinical delay in social language or developmental cognition. The criteria mentioned above in the case study are based on the age-appropriate self-skilled help, adaptive behavior, apart from social interaction and childhood curiosity. The criteria used for eligibility were met for the diagnosis of Kimmy’s Asperger syndrome, the following criteria: Evidence of the following: 1. The unequal developmental profile evidenced by the inconsistencies within or across social interaction includes language domain, cognitive skills, and adaptive behavior. 2. Kimmy s impairment in either verbal or nonverbal language came as a result of social communication skills, 3. And stereotyped patterns and/or restrictive, repetitive behaviors, activities, or interests, and, 4. Kimmy s need for special education defined by Sainsbury (2000). From the above diagnostic criteria used, especially the DSM-5,Show MoreRelatedAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most frequently diagnosed2400 Words   |  10 Pagestherapy, while 5 out of 10 (51%) report treatment or counseling from a mental health professional 8 out of 10 children receiving either medication for ADHD or mental health treatment was 82.5% 3 Definition ADHD is characterized by a pattern of behavior that must be present in multiple settings such as work, school or home. This pattern of behaviors can negatively impact performance across multiple environments including social, education, or work Symptoms are divided into two categories 1) inattentionRead MoreCollege Student Gambling: Examining the Effects of Gaming Education Within a College Curriculum15937 Words   |  64 Pagesgambling (N=201) and whether general gaming education can influence meaningful changes in college students’ gambling attitudes, behaviors, and perceptions. A group of college students from the University of Massachusetts Amherst, Casino Management class, received general gaming education while two comparison groups, one from the same university and one from Worcester State College, Massachusetts, did not. Assessment of the participants’ attitudes toward gambling, gambling fallacy perceptions, abilityRead MoreCauses and Effects of Internet Addi ction Among Students10456 Words   |  42 Pagesquestionnaire consisted of eight questions from Young’s Diagnostic Test for Internet Addiction (YDTIA) as well as an inventory including demographic factors and questions about academic performance, computer and Internet use. YDTIA had a good reliability and diagnostic accuracy, tested with Cronbach’s alpha (0.71) and sensitivity analysis. Results show that the percentage of IA (5-8 YDTIA criteria) is 11.6%, while problematic Internet users were (3-8 YDTIA criteria) 34.7%. Men were more likely to be addictedRead MorePsychological Trauma and Mental Health Institute Essay3938 Words   |  16 Pagesaspect that patients see as coping mechanisms for the post-traumatic stress disorder that they know little about. Post-traumatic stress and alcohol/substance abuse addiction often find themselves closely related due to the vast amount of individuals who use alcohol or other substances to treat the symptoms of PTSD. When a patien t takes on substance abuse, they no longer have one disorder to deal with, they have two. Patients and counselors alike have many different methods for trying to help those whoRead MoreUse Of Traditional Chinese Medicine During The Treatment Of Schizophrenia Essay7976 Words   |  32 Pages The Use of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Schizophrenia Shoanie Young Spring 2015 â€Æ' Part I: Biomedical Perspective Introduction Schizophrenia is a complex psychotic disorder evident by impaired thinking, emotions, judgment and behaviors. The person’s grasp of reality may be so disordered that they are unable to filter sensory stimuli and may have intense perceptions of sounds, colors, and other features of their environment. Although there are different levelsRead MoreChild Study - Educational Observation of Development of a 5th Grader6837 Words   |  28 PagesIntroduction Archie is a 10 year old in the fifth grade class here at Friends School. He’s attended this school from preschool until now, a total of seven years. He lives in the neighborhood and tends to be one of the first kids in the classroom every morning. In general he seems to be a happy child, smiling often. He has a tendency to be quite goofy at times and struggles with impulse control, often speaking out in class or being disruptive by talking or making jokes. This seems to stem fromRead More2301 Final Exam Workbook Essay6573 Words   |  27 Pagesresearch question, (2) design a study, (3) collect data, (4) analyze data, (5) draw conclusions, and (6) communicate findings. Identify the step associated with each of the following activities: _____ Dr. Lopez noted absent or present by each students name on his class roll at each class meeting. He recorded students exam scores on his roll sheet as well. _____ Dr. Lopez hypothesized that students who consistently attend class get higher grades than those who are absent more often. _____ Dr. LopezRead MoreLiterature Review on Autism Spectrum Disorders3442 Words   |  11 Pagesdoctors and other health professionals are becoming more aware of the criteria for these disorders, and are beginning to have greater recognition of ASD in more able, high functioning children. In the past, there have been several cases where high functioning children were first diagnosed with ADHD, and later received an ASD diagnoses (Keen Ward, 2004). With the recent awareness of autism spectrum disorders, a more clear criteria has developed for the diagnoses of these disorders. In broad terms,Read MoreCommunication Disorders7061 Words   |  29 Pagesexchange of ideas, opinions or facts between senders and receivers. Prevalence †¢ The overall estimate for speech and language disorders is widely agreed to be 5% of school-aged children. This figure includes voice disorders (3%) and stuttering (1%). Estimates of hearing impairments vary considerably, with one widely accepted figure of 5% representing the portion of school-aged children with hearing levels outside the normal range. Of this number, 10% to 20% require some type of special educationRead MoreEssay about 2301 Final Exam Workbook 2 6510 Words   |  27 Pagesresearch question, (2) design a study, (3) collect data, (4) analyze data, (5) draw conclusions, and (6) communicate findings. Identify the step associated with each of the following activities: _____ Dr. Lopez noted absent or present by each students name on his class roll at each class meeting. He recorded students exam scores on his roll sheet as well. _____ Dr. Lopez hypothesized that students who consistently attend class get higher grades than those who are absent more often. _____ Dr. Lopez

Attachment Theory. Madeline Fuller. April 22, 2017....

Attachment Theory Madeline Fuller April 22, 2017 †¢ Introduction My initial interest in this theory stems from my meeting of a diverse group of people this last year. As my family’s business ventures into the world of construction, I have had the opportunity to meet many people who come from much different backgrounds than me. Many of these people have known criminal records and/or are registered sex offenders for one reason or another. The more I come to know them, the more I get to hear about their childhoods. As a majority, they have come from less than healthy homes, they don’t have much of an education, and they have been involved with drugs at one point in their lives. One in particular was in and out of the foster care system and a†¦show more content†¦Bowlby argues that the need for physical nurture in infancy and adolescence is a primary need, not a secondary one. We can see this played out in nature as well – even animals inherently seek out their mothers as babies. When a child’s needs for attachment are neglected, physical symptoms can be seen. For example, infants living in orphanages post WWII were provided with adequate food, water, and shelter for survival. However, due to the lack of nurture (swaddling, being held, talked to, etc.) infants became weak, prone to sickness, and some even came to the brink of death. Therefore, we can see that this physical nurturing attachment is crucial to the health and development of an infant. In slightly older children, when abandonment occurs, they protest with crying, go into a stage of mourning, and then detachment can be seen in the social setting. They are unwilling to establish relationships with others, including their own parents should they reenter the picture. Lack of attachment to a caregiver also affects cognitive development. Attachment to a caregiver is crucial in the development of problem solving skills and the development of a conscience. Without the ability to process and solve problems, and a lack of moral compass, ità ¢â‚¬â„¢s obvious that criminal behavior would start to manifest (Fitton, 2012). As these children grow into adults, a tendency towards crime can be seen. Those with the most severe detachment issues tend towards violent crime more often than

The Secret Circle The Divide Chapter 15 Free Essays

It was a good ten-minute walk to the lighthouse, plenty of time for Cassie to work up her heart rate and fill her lungs with cold, fresh air. Some of the tension among the group from earlier had dissipated. Cassie thought Faye was being let off a little too easily after performing the love spell, but she was too relieved to see everyone getting along again to mention it. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Circle: The Divide Chapter 15 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Besides, Cassie had also been forgiven for hanging out with Scarlett. It was Diana who suggested the twelve of them walk to the lighthouse together in one large group, but they all wanted to do it. Driving was cool, Cassie thought, but there was nothing like sauntering up the street on a moonlit night in a huge pack of your closest friends. It made her feel invincible, and part of something so much bigger and more important than herself. It was a full moon, and Laurel brought along a bag of fresh-baked cookies. It was an old family recipe of Laurel’s that required the crushed leaves of an herb called mugwort, which had to be picked and ingested during a full moon. Laurel claimed the cookies improved divination, clairvoyance, and psychic powers, but Cassie and the others stuffed their mouths full of them as they walked because they were delicious. All those other things were just bonuses. Adam felt for Cassie’s hand, and when he found it, she Adam felt for Cassie’s hand, and when he found it, she didn’t pull away. Cassie had been on edge lately for sure, but for the moment everything felt fine and her connection to Adam was strong. His fingers wrapped around hers reassured her that in spite of all they had to fear, she wasn’t in this alone, and together they could overcome anything. The night was invigorating. The trees overhead smelled of sweet flowers, and the ground beneath Cassie’s shoes was moist with dew. A rare carelessness came over them as they walked. Not just Cassie and Adam but the whole group. They holl ered up the street, goofing on one another and banging on garbage cans. Chris challenged Doug to race him the rest of the way, and they all started running in order to judge the winner. They stopped short when they saw it and collectively gasped. It seemed impossible. The lighthouse had been burned to the ground. In its place was a pile of soot and ash. Irrationally, Cassie thought they must’ve arrived at the wrong location. How could a structure so sturdy and steadfast, so permanent in its vigilance, have melted down to this? But the anger in Adam’s eyes forced Cassie to accept the harder truth. Not only was the lighthouse gone, but someone had destroyed it on purpose. Melanie spoke first. â€Å"That was a historical landmark,† she said. â€Å"It’s been there for, like, three hundred years.† â€Å"That’s what you’re thinking about right now?† Nick said. â€Å"How about how the hunters knew exactly where to find us?† Diana placed her hand gently on Nick’s shoulder. â€Å"Hold on, we shouldn’t jump to conclusions. We don’t know for sure it was the hunters.† sure it was the hunters.† Nick shrugged off Diana’s hand. â€Å"This was a message, loud and clear. How much clearer would you like them to be?† Diana turned to Melanie and Laurel. â€Å"You two were the last ones here, weren’t you? Are you sure you didn’t accidentally leave any candles burning?† Melanie’s eyes widened. â€Å"Are you accusing us of burning down the lighthouse?† â€Å"I’m not accusing,† Diana said. â€Å"Just asking.† Cassie couldn’t stand to listen to any more arguing. She made her way over the grass, toward the edge of where the entrance to the cottage once stood. Cassie heard Adam come to Diana’s defense against Melanie and Laurel. â€Å"It would be better for all of us if you had been the ones to burn it down,† he said. â€Å"Then at least we’d know for sure it was an accident and not an act of – â€Å" â€Å"It wasn’t an accident,† Cassie called out to them. Her voice echoed over the space between them like an ocean wave. Right where the entrance to the light keeper’s cottage once stood was a symbol burnt in ash on the ground. It was the same symbol that appeared on Constance’s forehead. Adam was the first to reach her. â€Å"The hunter symbol,† he said, just in time for the others to fall in line behind him. They saw it now, too. They couldn’t not see it. â€Å"The coven has been marked,† Cassie said. â€Å"Faye, this is all your fault,† Nick shouted out. â€Å"Because you had to do magic.† For once Adam agreed with Nick. â€Å"They tracked your love spell.† â€Å"I told you,† Melanie said. â€Å"I told you this would happen.† â€Å"That’s enough!† Faye’s eyes flamed with rage. â€Å"What makes you all so sure it was my fault?† She pointed her longest red fingernail at Diana. â€Å"You’re always so careful not to jump to conclusions. Stop for a moment, call off the dogs, and think of who could have actually done this.† Then Faye twisted her neck around to glare at Cassie while keeping her shoulders squared to Diana. â€Å"I think Scarlett would be a reasonable suspect,† she said. â€Å"Especially since Cassie brought her here just the other day.† Cassie remained silent. â€Å"I saw you,† Faye said. â€Å"Don’t try to turn this on me,† Cassie said, but that was all she could say. She couldn’t deny it. Adam and Diana stared at Cassie with identical expressions of disbelief. â€Å"Is that true?† Adam asked. â€Å"You brought Scarlett to the lighthouse? Cassie looked down at the horrible symbol burned into the ground, with its serpentine W and satanic-looking hexagon. This wasn’t the work of Scarlett. She was sure of that. â€Å"Cassie, how could you?† Diana couldn’t contain her exasperation. Cassie looked pleadingly into Diana’s infuriated eyes. â€Å"She was with me when I dropped off some herbs for Melanie and Laurel,† Cassie said. â€Å"But I didn’t let her inside and I didn’t tell her anything. I swear to you, she had nothing to do with this.† â€Å"You weren’t supposed to be seeing Scarlett at all,† Melanie said. â€Å"And you brought her to our sacred space.† Faye was thoroughly enjoying the bloodbath she started. How easy it had been to divert the attention away from her forbidden love spell. Faye addressed the group. â€Å"What Cassie has done is unforgivable,† she said malevolently. â€Å"She betrayed us.† â€Å"You betrayed us, too, Faye,† Cassie said. â€Å"And how would you even know I brought Scarlett to the lighthouse unless you were spying on me?† â€Å"That’s not really the point,† Diana interjected. â€Å"I agree with Faye on this. Bringing Scarlett to the lighthouse was a betrayal. And we need to unify now more than ever. No Outsiders can be trusted, no matter what.† Cassie lost the little bit of control she’d had left. â€Å"So let me get this straight,† she said. â€Å"Your idea of unification is siding with Faye?† Adam replied on Diana’s behalf. â€Å"It’s for your own safety, Cassie. Scarlett isn’t one of us. And under no circumstances did she belong anywhere near our meeting place.† â€Å"Maybe it’s me who isn’t one of you,† Cassie blurted out before she could stop herself. That was the last straw for Diana. She screamed then like Cassie had never imagined she could. â€Å"Of course you’re one of us, Cassie. You’re more crucial to this Circle than any of us. Don’t you think we all realize that?† Then Diana turned to Faye. â€Å"And you’re not off the hook either. Cassie’s right that you also betrayed the group. Max is off limits, and so is your magic.† â€Å"Or else what?† Faye said. Diana didn’t even blink. â€Å"Or else you forfeit your privileges as a leader of this Circle.† A few seconds passed before Adam broke the deathly silence. â€Å"The coven has been marked,† he said. â€Å"But do the hunters know who we are, individually?† â€Å"Good question,† Melanie said. â€Å"But either way, we have to figure out a way to fight them.† â€Å"That’s right,† Diana said. Her voice regained its angelic timbre. â€Å"And I wanted to share something very important with you all tonight. Before all these surprises.† She looked at Cassie and then at Faye, scolding them each individually with her eyes. Then she dug through her bag and pulled out her Book of Shadows. â€Å"I found a spell,† she said. â€Å"A spell to destroy witch hunters.† â€Å"What?† Adam asked, sounding outraged Diana had kept this discovery from him. â€Å"Why didn’t you say anything sooner?† â€Å"I wasn’t sure if it was what I thought it was,† Diana said in her defense. â€Å"The text was mostly in Latin and needed to be translated. But now I’m sure. That’s why I wanted to meet tonight, to tell you all at once.† â€Å"Let’s perform the spell right now,† Melanie said, sounding hopeful for the first time in days. Diana shook her head. â€Å"First we have to know for sure who the hunters are.† Nick shot a look to Chris and Doug. â€Å"Let’s do it on the principal. We’re sure enough.† â€Å"No.† Diana’s green eyes flared. â€Å"The spell will only work on a real hunter. If we try it on someone who isn’t one of them, we’ll only be exposing ourselves as witches. Not to mention hurting someone innocent.† â€Å"Wow, that’s big news,† Faye said. â€Å"We have a spell we can’t use.† â€Å"We will use it.† Adam gave one last look at the symbol burnt on the ground. â€Å"When they strike again. At this point, I think we can count on that happening.† â€Å"But what happens then?† Melanie asked. â€Å"If we do this spell. Will the hunters die?† Diana hesitated. â€Å"It’s a little unclear. The translation left a lot to interpretation, but it seems like the effect of the spell depends on the hunter.† â€Å"So they might die,† Melanie said. â€Å"Let me have a look at this.† Faye grabbed Diana’s Book of Shadows from her hands and scanned the page. As her eyes moved back and forth across the ancient script, she appeared to be drawing in her breath and backing away from the words in disbelief. â€Å"This isn’t a spell,† Faye said. â€Å"It’s a curse.† Diana stared at the ground. â€Å"Yes,† she said. â€Å"Technically it is a curse.† Faye was suddenly roiling with excitement. â€Å"It’s similar to a deflection spell by turning the hunter’s power back on them, but it calls on Hecate. This could be . . .† She couldn’t find the right word. â€Å"Dangerous,† Diana said. â€Å"We’ll only use it as a last resort.† How to cite The Secret Circle: The Divide Chapter 15, Essay examples

Lajja- a Cultural Analysis Essay Example

Lajja- a Cultural Analysis Paper Title: LAJJA- A CULTURAL ANALYSIS â€Å"Galti uski hi hogi†¦who ladki jo hai† . How many of us are familiar with this statement? How many of us have experienced something like this? The answer is a lot, a lot which cannot be counted. If its rape, it is the girl’s fault as she must have allowed it; if its eve-teasing, it’s again the girl’s fault as she must have been provocative. Every time a girl is victimised, people go against her and instead of punishing the criminal, the girl is accused. In this project, the movie ‘LAJJA’ has been taken up as an example of the oppressions done on women across the country. In historical terms, oppression of women is a relatively new phenomenon. Six thousand years ago, the oppression of women arose after the division of society into classes and the emergence of class society. Prior to this there was no domination of a man over woman, or a man over man. Only with the development of the slave empires of Mesopotania, Egypt, Greece and Rome did the exploitation came into action as before that there was no surplus created, only enough to survive. This movie highlights many social issues pertaining to the women. The movie revolves around four women who in one form or the other are oppressed by the society. Vaideihi (Manisha Koirala) is a married woman who has no other choice but accept her husband’s extra marital affairs. The day she decides to take a stand for herself, she is banished from her husband’s household. Meanwhile she finds out she’s pregnant and goes back to her parent’s house. There she is rejected too, saying that this will bring shame to the family. So, we see how deep the social culture has influenced us that it forced a mother to abandon her own daughter at the time she needed her the most. We will write a custom essay sample on Lajja- a Cultural Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lajja- a Cultural Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lajja- a Cultural Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Maithilli (Mahima Choudhary) is troubled by the unreasonable demand of excessive dowry by the groom’s father which her father is unable to meet. Maithilli seeing this, calls off the marriage as she couldn’t see her father being humiliated any more. Every day there are so many such brides who, due to their inability of giving dowry, lose their marriage. These oppressions do not stop even after marriage. Once the bride is married she is insulted and asked for more dowries by her in-laws. After which she is tortured if she is unable to fulfil the demands. Even though taking or giving dowry is against the law, it is still practiced in many parts of the country. Not only in the rural areas, but dowry is encouraged in the educated class of society as well. Another victim in the movie is Janki(Madhuri Dixit) who is a theatre actress and is in love with her colleague. She is pregnant and doesn’t care about the norms of society. Janki is lusted after by the owner of the theatre who exploits her. The owner misleads Janki’s boyfriend and makes him doubt her integrity. In a Raamleela performance, she being the Sita, has to take the agneepariksha after she comes back from lanka. Janki refuses to walk through it saying that why should women always prove themselves to gain trust and respect. If a man performs adultery, he would not be even questioned. But a woman, just because she is a woman, has to be pure and safeguard her family’s name in the society. Janki says, â€Å"If Sita would not have taken the agni pariksha, the women of today would not have suffered the tantrums thrown at them. Janki is assaulted by the audience and is beaten up which leads her to miscarry her baby. The fourth woman, Raamdulari is a midwife in a village. She is more literate as compared to the other women of the village and in turn educates these women. Raamdulari strongly opposes the leaders of village. Later in the movie, she is gang raped and burnt alive by a group of henchmen sent by the village leaders. There are many such ‘Raamdularis’ in India whose voices go unheard, who are oppressed in this ruthless society of mail dominance. It doesn’t matter if a woman is raped, abused or killed as it would be said that she deserved it. The film clearly points a finger at how a male dominated society treats women. Women never feel the same freedom which men have. Where a girl is expected to be home by seven in the evening , the boy has no such restrictions. Women are never asked about their feelings, their desires, their emotions. A woman is just expected to cook, clean and produce children. But the situation is improving gradually as the literacy rates in the urban and rural areas are increasing. The woman no longer is just a homemaker. She has started contributing to the family income too. But many a times these women are exploited by their husbands and forced to give their earned salaries to them. Though being independent, they cannot enjoy the true meaning of independence. Whether rural or urban the plight of women is the same. In the urban areas, women have started taking a stand for themselves as they are getting more and more aware. Women in India are either killed at birth, face difficulties in getting married unless the dowry is paid, accused of being unfaithful, raped or killed. Such instances are never-ending. Interestingly, not only in India but other parts of the globe too, the women are exploited and oppressed. What we as a part of the society can do is spread awareness, encourage more and more women to get educated. Otherwise, if we don’t decide to take a stand now, then it will become so grave that how much ever we’ll want to eradicate the matter it will only get worse. After all, the greatness of a civilization can only be measured by the status of its women. Well ye know What woman is, for none of woman born Can choose but drain the bitter dregs of woe Which ever to the oppressed from the oppressors flow. -SHELLEY Bibliography 1. Lajja. Dir. Rajkumar santoshi. perf. Madhuri Dixit, Rekha, Manisha Koirala, Mahima Choudhary. Prod. Rajkumar Santoshi. writ. Ranjit Kapoor, Rajkumar Santoshi. Santoshi productions, 2001 2. Rob Sewell. The origins of womens oppression.. 05 september 2001. http://www. marxist. com/origins-womens-oppression. htm 3. Lajja Poster. http://www. google. co. in/imgres? q=lajjahl=ensa=Xgbv=2tbm=isch prmd=ivnsbtbnid=kdAZHYUtaw5n7M: imgrefurl= 4. http://www. chakpak. com /movie/lajja/11902docid=W16XdwZh GJbT3Mw=190h=215ei=Do4sTq6GJYX prQfc- eCxDQzoom=1iact=hcvpx= 431vpy= 306dur=4735hovh=172hovw=152tx =84ty=130page=1tbnh=145tbnw=1 45start=0ndsp=18ved=1t:429,r:7,s:0biw=1366bih=643

History of Rap Music Essay

History of Rap Music Essay Free Online Research Papers The genre called Rap originated in the Bronx, New York, in the mid-1970’ (Howard). Of the many legends of how Rap came to be the most popular has to do with the humble DJ’s and MC’s of the underground clubs. While the DJ spun the track, the MC would entertain the crowd with simple rhymes (EZ Track). Over the years, Rap Music has become the theme songs of most young African American men in the United States. However, the genre has broke boundaries and entered almost every culture outside of the states. Nonetheless, a Rapper, along with Rap Music, is stereotyped to be associated with the thug life. Most individuals think that a Rap song is no more than a guy spitting rhymes about how much money he has, how many women he has slept with, or how low a girl can get. Yet they neglect to mention the Rappers such as Tupac Shakur, Nas, or Ice Cube who didn’t flaunt but instead made poetry. Tupac was one of those artists that took his gift to alter the entire Rap g ame (Howard). Tupac Shakur was born June 16, 1971, in the East Harlem section of Manhattan in New York City (Wikipedia). From an early age, he was surrounded by incarceration. His godfather, his stepfather, and his sister all had spent time in jail by the time he was twelve. He used his surroundings and experiences to create a poetic style of rap that vocalized the problem facing the ghetto. Some of his music was controversial because of his descriptive, most of the time violent, lyrics. The majority of music critics didn’t agree with his honesty. Contradictory to what the critics thought, people from the ghettos of New York or California understood what Shakur was singing. â€Å"Lord knows I†¦ tried, been a witness to homicide. Seen drive-bys, takin’ lives, little kids die† is a quote from his song So Many Tears. Tupac was simply shedding some light on what individuals refused to acknowledge. (Wikipedia) Tupac nearly created his own version of the Rap game. The so-called ‘Thug Life’ was brought into each home without sugar-coating the facts. â€Å"They never talk peace in the black community. All we know is violence, do it all in silence,† as quoted in his song Trapped. Along with his contentious lyrics, his style was distinct. Instead of the multicolored pimp suit, Tupac rocked a bandana tied to the front of his head, nose ring, and a wife-beater with some saggy jeans. Socially he was known to be a thug. In December of 1994, two days before his sexual abuse trial, Tupac was shot five times, then robbed by two men. Later, when he checked himself out of the hospital, Shakur was found guilty of three counts of molestation and convicted. While serving his sentence, Tupac released his album Me Against the World which was number one on the Billboard 200. He would be the only artist to ever do that while incarcerated (Wikipedia). The modern day rapper hasn’t motivation to create music that will ultimately change the way someone views the world (Howard). Shakur aggressively assaulted racism, poverty, and violence in his songs. The majority of his music didn’t contain feel-good songs that are used for the club. â€Å"I see no changes all I see is racist faces misplaced hate makes disgrace to races,† as quoted in his song Changes. Today most rappers believe in exploiting their wealth for a hit song. Tupac believed in creating poetry that struck the core of the day’s hardships of African-Americans that needed to be addressed. Every man and woman from the corners of Compton to the Projects can identify with at least one of Tupac’s songs. He was and still is, an influential rapper and poet (Wikipedia). The day he died the world lost one of its greatest Rap artists. Many rappers have tried to mimic his style but not one has been triumphant in recreating what Tupac. The impersonators fail to realize Tupac put his own identity into every lyric that inked from his pen. His past resides in the ghetto where he watched his friends get killed by drive-bys or where he saw men and women strung out on the streets. There are not many rappers who can say their work is geared towards advocating social reform or any kind of change in an Ethnic community. No question can be put to the credibility of Shakur’s work or identity. Tupac can be called the face of the modern day poet for he proved himself capable of reaching people’s hearts through his words. Research Papers on History of Rap Music EssayBiography of Pink FloydPuerto Rico: Music and Culture EssayEmmett Till BiographyHomer The Great Greek PoetContrasting Berthe Morisot and Jan van EyckRacism and InjusticeMy Writing ExperienceCritical Analysis of HamletThe Colour PurpleWho has Impacted Your Life the Most Essay

How the Forest and Court Are Shown in As You Like It

How the Forest and Court Are Shown in As You Like It As You Like It is set in a forest, but it is difficult to be clear about the As You Like It setting. Some argue that it is the Forest of Arden that once surrounded Shakespeare’s hometown of Stratford-upon-Avon; others believe that the As You Like It setting is in Ardennes, France. Forest vs. Court The forest is presented in a more favorable light in that the â€Å"goodies†, Duke Senior and his court, reside there. All of the good characters in the court are banished or exiled to the forest at the start of the play. Duke Senior describes the court as â€Å"painted pomp†¦the envious court†. He goes on to say that in the forest the dangers are real but natural and are preferable to those in the court â€Å"The †¦churlish chiding of the winter’s wind†¦ even till I shrink with cold, I smile and say This is no flattery† (Act 2, Scene 1). He suggests the harsh conditions of the forest are preferable to the pomp and false flattery in the court: That at least in the forest, things are honest. This could be compared to the courtly love between Orlando and Rosalind and the bawdy, primitive but honest love between Touchstone and Audrey. There are also reflections of Robin Hood and his merry men in the lives of Duke Senior and his supporters: â€Å"†¦there they live like the old Robin Hood of England† (Charles; Act 1, Scene 1). This reinforces the positive depiction of the forest as opposed to the negative portrayal of the court. When the evil characters enter the forest they have a sudden change of heart as discussed – suggesting the forest has healing properties. There is, therefore, a sense of foreboding at the end of the play when the characters are to be restored to the court†¦we hope that they will bring some of the natural qualities of forest life with them when they return. In this, Shakespeare may be suggesting that there needs to be a balance between forest and court; living with nature and using your senses should be balanced with living in an ordered, political world where education and social politeness is necessary. If one is too close to nature they may turn out like Touchstone and Audrey but if they are too political, they may become more like Duke Frederick. Duke Senior has struck a happy balance – being educated and gentlemanly having the ability to manage people but also appreciating nature and its offerings. Class and Social Structures The struggle between forest and court also sheds light on the class struggle at the core of the play. Celia disguises her nobility to become a poor woman,  Aliena, in the forest. She does this in order to protect herself, presumably from those who would try and steal from her. This gives her freedom she has never enjoyed. Oliver falls for her dressed as Aliena and we know as a result, that his motives are honorable – he is not after her money. This is important in that previously, Oliver’s motives have been questionable. Touchstone and Audrey are seen as more lowly characters but as discussed, are possibly perceived as more honest as a result, they are unable to social climb and therefore don’t need to flatter and lie their way to the top. Duke Senior is happier in the forest without the trappings of his dukedom. Shakespeare may be suggesting that just because you are considered to be ‘high class’ it is not necessarily reflected in your nature – or that in order to social climb one needs to lie and flatter and therefore people at the top of society are the worst kind of people. However, at the end of the play when the Duke is restored to the court we are led to believe that the court will be a better place, perhaps because he has witnessed firsthand what it is like to be poor. He is compared to Robin Hood and as such is considered ‘of the people.’

Research tutoial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research tutoial - Essay Example Research on nursing usually falls mainly into two areas. These are qualitative research and quantitative research. Quantitative research has its basis on the paradigm of logical positivism, and it focuses on outcomes for clients which are measurable (Polit & Beck, 2010). These are generally statistics. On the other hand, qualitative research as its basis on grounded theory, phenomenology and ethnography among others (Polit & Beck, 2010). It takes into consideration of those involved in delivering the nursing care, putting more emphasis on the meaning which it holds for the individual. There are set guidelines, as well as procedures that assist the participants of nursing research to carry out an effective research. Embracement of these guidelines and procedures will help in protecting the participants as they carry out their research, as well as practice. Legal and ethical issues involve the requirements of participants on their daily work. It takes into consideration the protection of dignity with regard to the information publication in the research. Nevertheless, when nurses participate in any research, they have to put up with the society, nursing practices, and science (Sawatzky-Dickson & Clarke, 2008). The main legal and ethical issues during nursing research include informed consent, beneficence, respect for confidentiality and anonymity and respect for privacy. Informed consent is one of the main ethical issues in conducting nursing research. It is one of the means that enhance protection of the right of the patient to autonomy. It involves the ability for determination, with respect to a personal plan (Sawatzky-Dickson & Clarke, 2008). When it comes to beneficence, it includes professional mandate to carry out a significant and effective research for the purpose of serving and promoting the welfare of the constituents. This implies that the nurses should conduct their

Does Prayer Make a Difference for Patients Research Paper

Does Prayer Make a Difference for Patients - Research Paper Example The supervisor asked her if there was any evidence to ascertain the benefits of prayer therapy on the health of patients. This incident triggered the search for evidence-based practice for prayer therapy and the results of the literature review and implications for practice are described below. Several research studies have been conducted to ascertain the benefits of prayer therapy with reference to patients. However, for evidence-based practice, only some studies can be taken into account. The gold standard for any evidence-based practice is randomized controlled trials which when performed with optimized research designs that can answer pertinent questions. However, meta-analysis and a systematic review have topped the hierarchy list and when present, they are preferred to randomized controlled trials (Evans, 2003). It is interesting to note that prayer does not only have therapeutic effects on those who pray, but also on those who are prayed by other people who do not actually kno w them. According to Hefti and Koenig (2007), "active prayer within the framework of a doctor-patient relationship can strengthen the patient's optimism and activate the body's healing resources." The first randomized controlled study evaluating the benefits of prayer therapy was studied in 1988 by Byrd. The study was conducted on 393 patients admitted to the coronary care unit of San Francisco General Hospital at San Francisco. In this study, the intervention group received structured intercessory prayers by persons unaware of them. Results of this study pointed to the benefits of intercessory praying in decreasing hospital course scores.

Gun Control: Do NOT Believe What Liberal Politicans Tell You :: Argumentative Example Essays

The book titled "Guns in America" written by Helen Strahinich defines gun control as any las that restricts the ownership or sale of firearms(Strahinich 2). The history of the gun control debate can be traced back to colonial times when guns were being outlawed to keep them out of the hands of the poor. Today, the subject still remains so controversial that many politicians fear touching the subject. Will banning guns eliminate crime? Will criminals still be albe to obtain firearms? These are two of the most controversial questions that fuel the fire in the debaate spotlight. tThese following two examples best illistrate how easily one can put forth arguments either for or aginst gun control.In 1995, a gang of four masked theives armed with Tec-9 semiautomatic pistols brok into Marsha Bealty's home in Fort Wayne, Indiana. The thieves were supprised when they were confronted by Marsha and her roomate armed with 9mm pistols. The immediately fled when threatened by the two women.(Black man) The two sides of this argument are the pro and anti gun groups. The anti-gun groups main goals range from more stringent gun control laws to a total ban on handguns. The political supporters of this group are susally liberal democrats and a few other small independedt groups such as Handgun Control Inc. Their main arguments are questionin gth eoriginal intent of the framers of the constituion adn the way of life in the time it was written, and also the purpose of guns in modern siciety. For thte most part, their claims are mainly emotional and use popular incidences adn the high number of people killed annually from firearms and, gun saftey in households. On the other side of the fence is the pro-gun grouuups who lobby to support law abiding citizens' second amendment rights to keep and bear arms. Their suporters tend to be conservative republicans and pro-gun groups. The most popular of these groups is the NRA(National Rifle Association) which is a strong political group consisting of over three million members. Theses groups tend to use statistics and sases wehre lives have been saved by the use of firearms while strongly stressing gun saftey and training programs. They favor strict interpretation of the Bill of Rights. INthsi paper I am taking a stand against gun control. I feel that law abiding citizens should be entitled to their second ammendment rights to keep and bear arms for the purposes of protection of home, property, and person.

Art Appreciation Essay

Art has been part of the human culture for thousands of years. It has facilitated the development of civilization for centuries. The history of the world would not be the same without the affluence of creativity and innovation. One particular period in art history that clearly manifested the artistry and ingenuity of many artists was the Baroque period. The art style practiced during this era was described as the â€Å"harmony spatial relationships, both real and illusionary, with spectacular visual effects† which were executed using technical brilliance. Most of the artworks produced during the Baroque period had â€Å"highly developed naturalistic illusionism, usually heightened by dramatic lighting effects, creating an unequaled sense of theatricality, energy, and movement of forms† (Heindroff, 2006). More so, this art movement flourished throughout Europe wherein several talented artists have emerged who had helped shaped the contemporary art style. Morover, at that time, one of the famous themes for the visual arts was landscape painting. It is in this field that Annibale Carracci, an Italian painter, Claude Lorrain, a French artist, and Jacob Van Ruisdael, a Dutch artisan, have all excelled. They have produced some of the most exquisite masterpieces such as the Landscape with Flight into Egypt (c. 1603) by Carracci, A Pastoral Landscape by Claude Lorrain (c. 1650) and View of Haarlem from the Dunes at Overveen by Van Ruisdael (c. 1670). In Carracci’s Landscape with Flight into Egypt, he showcased the beautiful landscape of Rome with two human figures and a donkey at the foreground. This piece of art was commissioned by â€Å"Cardinal Pietro Aldobrandini Pietro Aldobrandini for the family chapel in his palace in Rome, later known as Palazzo Doria Pamphilj†during the year 1603. More so, this painting was considered as the most notable input of Carracci in the veduta genre which was described as the precise and detailed depiction of urban cities and rural landscapes that that attracted the â€Å"sense of local pride of the wealthy Dutch middle class. † Carracci successfully established â€Å"a balanced, idyllic landscape beauty, with a perfect sentimental fusion of the holy characters, their stories and the landscape† (NationMaster. com, 2005). Furthermore, he was one of the pioneers to create a landscape painting wherein the figures were not the focal point but it was the landscape that took the spotlight. This style was later on followed by Carracci’s pupils such as â€Å"Domenichino and Lorraine. † Overall, â€Å"Carracci was remarkably eclectic in thematic, painting landcapes, genre scenes, and portraits, including a series of autoportraits across the ages† (Bookrags. com, 2006). Meanwhile in France, Claude Lorrain was also acclaimed for his landscape paintings. Lorrain was born in Lorraine, France but he actually grew up in Italy. By 1633, he was able to launch his name as one of the most leading landscapist and he was also commissioned by high-ranking officials of the Italian society such as the â€Å"popes, cardinals, ambassadors and kings† (Barewalls. com). In A Pastoral Landscape, Lorrain was commissioned by â€Å"Prince Lorenzo Onofrio Colonna. † Like Carraci’s painting, this one also had no distinguishable subject. The figures present where â€Å"sitting and the standing shepherds† accompanied by 3 women (Miller, 2007). The background is a scenic view of the city alongside the pastoral landscape of the rural area. Lorrain’s landscape paintings illustrated a â€Å"sharp contrasts of light and shades. † More so, it was believed that Poussin influenced him to highlight spatial composition in order to reach a â€Å"complete balance between masses of trees and of architecture. † By 1650, he was able to hone and enhance his creativity and art skills and these were manifested in the â€Å"classical balance of the composition which is subtly altered by soft light† (Barewalls. com). For Van Ruisdael, he was also a landscape artist who studied painting in Germany but lived in Amsterdam. Van Ruisdael was able to establish his own studio where he trained several talented artists. His â€Å"dramatic, naturalistic rendering of landscapes and his emotional use of color support his reputation as the principal Dutch landscape painter in the second half of the 1600s. † Additionally, he mastered the use of proportional compositions, meticulous draftsmanship, and thick impasto which were all evident in the â€Å"View of Haarlem from the Dunes at Overveen (Getty Museum, 2008). This landscape painting showed the panoramic view of Haarlem, Van Ruisdael’s hometown. The red roofs of the houses and the clouds in the sky were the main visual elements in the painting. These three paintings showcased the different approaches of three artists from three different countries during the flamboyant period of Baroque. Annibale Carracci, Claude Lorrain, and Jacob Van Ruisdael gave a new meaning to the word landscape painting wherein they transcended reality in a two-dimensional canvases infused with their own respective personalities and techniques. References Barewalls. com. (n. d. ). Claude Lorrain. Retrieved December 6, 2008, from http://www. dropbears. com/a/art/biography/Claude_Lorrain. html Bookrags. com. (2006). Annibale Carracci. Retrieved December 6, 2008, from http://www. bookrags. com/wiki/Annibale_Carracci Getty Museum. (2008). Jacob van Ruisdael. Retrieved December 6, 2008, from http://www.getty. edu/art/gettyguide/artMakerDetails? maker=517 Heindroff, A. M. (2006, July 24). Baroque Art. Retrieved December 6, 2008, from http://arthistory. heindorffhus. dk/frame-Style10-Baroque. htm Miller, M. (2007, February 16). Claude Lorrain Landscape Drawings from the British Museum at the Clark. Retrieved December 6, 2008, from http://www. berkshirefinearts. com/? page=article&article_id=218&catID=3 NationMaster. com. (2005). The Flight into Egypt (Annibale Carracci). Retrieved December 6, 2008, from http://www. nationmaster. com/encyclopedia/The-Flight-into-Egypt- (Annibale-Carracci)

Kohlbergs Stages of Moral Development

Lawrence Kohlberg outlined one of the best-known theories addressing the development of morality in childhood. Kohlberg’s stages of moral development, which include three levels and six stages, expanded on and revised the ideas of Jean Piaget’s previous work on the subject. Key Takeaways: Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development Lawrence Kohlberg was inspired by Jean Piaget’s work on moral judgment to create a stage theory of moral development in childhood.The theory includes three levels and six stages of moral thinking. Each level includes two stages. The levels are called preconventional morality, conventional morality, and postconventional morality.Since it was initially proposed, Kohlberg’s theory has been criticized for overemphasizing a Western male perspective on moral reasoning. Origins Jean Piagets two-stage theory of moral judgment marked a divide between the way children younger than 10 and those 10 and older think about morality. While younger children looked at rules as fixed and based their moral judgments on consequences, older children’s perspectives were more flexible and their judgments were based on intentions. However, intellectual development doesn’t end when Piaget’s stages of moral judgment ended, making it likely that moral development continued as well. Because of this, Kohlberg felt Piaget’s work was incomplete. He sought to study a range of children and adolescents in order to determine if there were stages that went beyond those proposed by Piaget. Kohlberg’s Research Method Kohlberg utilized Piaget’s method of interviewing children about moral dilemmas in his research. He would present each child with a series of such dilemmas and ask them their thoughts on each one to determine the reasoning behind their thinking. For example, one of the moral dilemmas Kohlberg presented was the following: â€Å"In Europe, a woman was near death from a special kind of cancer. There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her†¦ The druggist was charging ten times what the drug cost him to make. The sick woman’s husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only get together about†¦ half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said: ‘No, I discovered the drug and I’m going to make money from it.’ So Heinz got desperate and broke into the man’s store to steal the drug for his wife.† After explaining this dilemma to his participants, Kohlberg would ask, â€Å"Should the husband have done that?† He then continued with a series of additional questions that would help him understand why the child thought Heinz was right or wrong to do what he did. After collecting his data, Kohlberg classified the responses into stages of moral development. Kohlberg interviewed 72 boys in suburban Chicago for his study. The boys were 10, 13, or 16 years old. Each interview was approximately two hours long and Kohlberg  presented each participant with 10 moral dilemmas during that time. Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development Kohlberg’s research yielded three levels of moral development. Each level consisted of two stages, leading to six stages in total. People pass through each stage sequentially with the thinking at the new stage replacing the thinking at the previous stage. Not everyone reached the highest stages in Kohlbergs theory. In fact, Kohlberg believed that many didn’t move past his third and fourth stages. Level 1: Preconventional Morality At the lowest level of moral development individuals haven’t yet internalized a sense of morality. Moral standards are dictated by adults and the consequences of breaking the rules. Children nine years old and younger tend to fall into this category. Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Orientation. Children believe the rules are fixed and must be obeyed to the letter. Morality is external to the self.Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange. Children begin to realize that the rules aren’t absolute. Different people have different perspectives and therefore there isn’t just one correct point of view. Level 2: Conventional Morality A majority of adolescents and adults fall into the middle level of conventional morality. At this level, people start to internalize moral standards but not necessarily to question them. These standards are based on the social norms of the groups a person is part of. Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships. Morality arises from living up to the standards of a given group, such as ones family or community, and being a good group member.Stage 4: Maintaining the Social Order. The individual becomes more aware of the rules of society on a broader scale. As a result, they become concerned with obeying laws and maintaining the social order. Level 3: Postconventional Morality If individuals reach the highest level of moral development, they start to question if what they see around them is good. In this case, morality stems from self-defined principles. Kohlberg suggested that only 10-15% of the population was able to achieve this level because of the abstract reasoning it required. Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights. Society should function as a social contract where the goal of each individual is to improve society as a whole. In this context, morality and individual rights like life and liberty may take precedence over specific laws.Stage 6: Universal Principles. People develop their own principles of morality even if they conflict with society’s laws. These principles must be applied to every individual equally. Critiques Since Kohlberg initially proposed his theory, many criticisms have been leveled against it. One of the key issues other scholars take with the theory centers on the sample used to create it. Kohlberg focused on boys in a specific United States city. As a result, his theory has been accused of being biased towards men in Western cultures. Western individualist cultures may have different moral philosophies than other cultures. For example, individualist cultures emphasize personal rights and freedoms, while collectivist cultures emphasize what’s best for the community as a whole. Kohlberg’s theory does not take these cultural differences into account. In addition, critics like Carol Gilligan have maintained that Kohlberg’s theory conflates morality with an understanding of rules and justice, while overlooking concerns such as compassion and care. Gilligan believed the emphasis on impartially judging conflicts between competing parties overlooked the female perspective on morality, which tended to be contextual and derived from an ethics of compassion and concern for other people. Kohlberg’s methods were also criticized. The dilemmas he used weren’t always applicable to children at the age of 16 and under. For example, the Heinz dilemma presented above might not be relatable to children who had never been married. Had Kohlberg focused on dilemmas more reflective of his subjects lives, his results may have been different. Also, Kohlberg never examined if moral reasoning actually reflected moral behavior. Therefore, it’s not clear if his subjects’ actions fell in line with their ability to think morally. Sources Cherry, Kendra. â€Å"Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development.† Verywell Mind, 13 March 2019. https://www.verywellmind.com/kohlbergs-theory-of-moral-developmet-2795071Crain, William. Theories of Development: Concepts and Applications. 5th ed., Pearson Prentice Hall. 2005.Kohlberg, Lawrence. â€Å"The Development of Children’s Orientation Toward a Moral Order: I. Sequence in the Development of Moral Thought.† Vita Humana, vol. 6, no. 1-2, 1963, pp. 11-33. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1964-05739-001McLeod, Saul. â€Å"Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development.† Simply Psychology, 24 October 2013. https://www.simplypsychology.org/kohlberg.html